The term refers to a system of government employment in which individuals are hired and promoted based on merit, typically demonstrated through competitive examinations and qualifications, rather than political patronage. This system aims to create a professional bureaucracy staffed by skilled individuals who serve the government regardless of changes in political administrations. For example, a candidate for an Environmental Protection Agency position would be selected based on their scientific expertise and performance on a civil service exam, not their political affiliations.
The implementation of such a system provides several key benefits. It fosters expertise and continuity within governmental agencies, ensuring consistent application of laws and policies. Moreover, it reduces corruption and political influence in the hiring process, promoting fairness and equal opportunity. Historically, the rise of these systems was a response to the spoils system, which led to inefficiency and corruption within government. Reform movements advocated for a merit-based system to improve the effectiveness and integrity of public service.